You don't want to miss today's Journey Show! In this first episode of the new season, we'll be talking about comics: Marvel, DC, British, European — and we'll also be discussing the new Batman show. Y'all come!
by Gideon Marcus
It seems like a mighty long time…
Looming huge on the horizon, shining brightly at zenith, one would imagine that visiting the Moon wouldn't be all that difficult. But making the 400,000+ kilometer trek has proved one of the hardest feats for humanity to tackle. Just reaching the vicinity of the Moon took four Pioneers and who knows how many secret Mechtas. And while the Soviets managed to hit the Moon in 1959 with Luna 2, the United States went through four Pioneer Ables and three Rangers before duplicating the feat in 1962. It wasn't until last year's Ranger 7 that we managed a fully successful TV crashlanding mission.
But despite early successes, the real heartbreak kings have been the Soviets. Since their spectacular Luna 3 mission in 1959, which was the first to return pictures from the Far Side, the Russians have failed in at least four attempts over the past year to soft-land on the Moon.
That all changed on February 3, 1966, when Luna 9 settled gently onto Oceanus Procellarum and returned the first pictures from the lunar surface.
Luna 9 was launched on January 31 amid the typical TASS fanfare. After the prior failures, it was hard to get too excited until the vehicle actually reached the Moon. Even then, we in the West had to find out about its success second-hand at first. The Russians are notoriously mum about their missions until it is certain that they worked (or that news of a failure can be properly massaged).
Luckily, the good folks at Britain's Jodrell Bank radio observatory were able to intercept Luna 9's transmissions, thus giving us a pretty good idea of its timeline. The U.S. Army also listened in on Luna 9's whole trip, though this fact wasn't broadcast initially.
Per TASS, we know that the spacecraft began its landing sequence about an hour before landing at 1:45 PM EST. Jodrell Bank confirms that Luna 9 broadcast a stream of pictures for the next 20 minutes followed by a second transmission at 9:00 PM.
And this is what Luna 9 saw:
In addition to the engineering triumph that the Luna 9 mission represents, it also yielded a bonanza of scientific information. For instance, we now know that the Moon is not covered by a dangerous quicksand of dust, which was a big concern for the Apollo people. Luna 9 has also returned valuable cosmic ray data.
Luna 9's chief success, however, has been nationalistic. After the two Voskhod flights, the Soviets watched helplessly as our Gemini program surpassed their accomplishments by leaps and bounds. For the moment, the Soviets are once again ahead in at least one aspect of the Space Race.
At least until Surveyor 1 lands in May…
I got my eyes on you
The Moon hasn't been the only Soviet target these past two months. Since December 10, they have launched six "Kosmos" class satellites, almost all of which likely been photographic surveillance craft like our Discoverer series (which we have continued to launch consistently every couple of weeks). We can tell this from the angle of their orbit, designed to maximize coverage of the West, and the fact that they land in Russia after about a week in space. Certainly, these "scientific" probes don't seem to return much data — I think Kosmos 41 was the last with any results published in any of the journals I follow, and it was launched in August 1964.
Stormy weather
The same day Luna 9 stunned the world with its pictures, the United States launched a quieter but no less momentous shutterbug of its own. ESSA 1, also known as TIROS 11, marked the beginning of a new era of weather forecasting. The prior TIROS satellites were all experimental, despite their unquestioned contribution to our daily forecasts. The new TIROS is not only better able to provide instant global weather pictures to any station in view at any time from its 700km altitude, it is the first to be managed by the new Environmental Science Services Administration.
From test product to fundamental government equipment in six years. Not bad!
The Sun is Shining
Completing the exploration of the Earth/Moon/Sun trinity is Pioneer 6, launched December 16, 1965. In the tradition of Pioneer 5, Pioneer 6 is a truly interplanetary probe. Its mission is not to encounter any other celestial bodies but to instead be a solar weather station in an orbit somewhere between that of Earth's and Venus'.
Its six instruments have been diligently recording long term data on radiation and magnetic conditions out in deep space, thus far reporting that the "solar wind" blows at about 1,000,000 km/h during quiet periods as opposed to three times as much in active times. The solar magnetic field appears comparatively unfluctuating, accompanied by a relatively low number of charged particles.
Pioneer 6 is the first of five such interplanetary probes planned for launch over the next few years.
1-2-3
Our last piece of news covers the multiple launch of December 21. The Air Force has been testing its mighty Titan IIIC, which remains the world's most powerful rocket until such time as the Saturn 1B takes off later this month. Since science abhors a vacuum, space aboard the mighty booster was used to launch four satellites into orbit at the same time.
These satellites were OV2-3, a radiation studies probe; LES-3 and 4, communications test satellites; and OSCAR 4, a relay broadcaster designed to be used by amateur "ham" radio enthusiasts. All of these satellites were supposed to be placed in 35,000 km high geosynchronous orbits, circling the Earth about once every day such that they appeared to remain roughly fixed in the sky. Unfortunately, while the Titan delivered the satellites into a geosynchronous transfer orbit, a final burn never happened. The four vehicles are thus trapped in a highly eccentric path that zooms up to 30,000 km while retaining an Earth-grazing 170km perigee.
Moreover, OV2-3 never switched on. LES-3 and 4 appear to work, however, doing top secret work offering data on communications in the UHF and SHF bands. OSCAR 4 has been less successful, only being used for 12 transmissions; one of them was the first ever satellite-relayed conversation between the United States and the USSR, however!
Man oh man
The space-related excitment won't stop anytime soon. On February 20, we'll see our first real Apollo mission when the new Saturn 1B launches a full Apollo CSM on a suborbital flight. And in March, we'll likely see our first docking in space when Gemini 8 goes up.
Science fiction made real, indeed!
